Biology Photosynthesis Lab - 925 Words

Biology lab AIM: To test a leaf for starch APPARATUS/MATERIALS : * bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze(OR 90oC electric water bath OR hot plate) * 250 cm3 beaker * boiling tube * anti- bumping granules * forceps * test tube holder * white tile * leaf to be tested (hibiscus leaves are excellent) * 90% ethanol * iodine/potassium iodide solution PROCEDURE: The video above shows the steps in Testing a Leaf for the Presence of Starch. The Procedure outlined below is slightly different. 1. Remove a green leaf fom a plant that has been exposed to sunlight for a few hours 2. Half-fill a 250cm3 beaker with water. Heat the water until it boils. Keep the water at boiling point. 3. Use the forceps to place†¦show more content†¦* To improve this experiment, the plant needs to be de-starched, and the leaves tested for the presence of starch. * Once it is demonstrated that all starch has been utilized or removed, photosynthesis is allowed to take place by exposing the plant to sunlight. * The leaves of the plant are now tested for the presence of starch. * If starch is present, then it has been synthesized by photosynthesis. We can then conclude that the presence of starch indicates that photosynthesis has taken placeShow MoreRelatedBiology Photosynthesis Lab934 Words   |  4 PagesBiology lab AIM: To test a leaf for starch APPARATUS/MATERIALS  : * bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze(OR 90oC electric water bath OR hot plate) * 250 cm3 beaker * boiling tube * anti- bumping granules * forceps * test tube holder * white tile * leaf to be tested (hibiscus leaves are excellent) * 90% ethanol * iodine/potassium iodide solution PROCEDURE: The video above shows the steps in Testing a Leaf for the Presence of Starch. The Procedure outlinedRead MoreThe Analysis of Spinach Pigmentation During Photosynthesis (biology Lab Report)1050 Words   |  5 PagesSpinach Pigmentationp During Photosynthesis p University of Alabamap I. Introduction:p quot;Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds; it occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotesquot; (Campbell, G-16). The formula below is photosynthesis and quot;the ingredients necessary to make a plant growquot; (KoK, 30).p 6CO_2 + 6H_2_0,,#179; C_6_H_12_O_6_ + 6CO_2p Photosynthesis occurs within chloroplasts whichRead MoreThe Effect of Temperature on Photosynthesis1085 Words   |  5 Pagesproduct of photosynthesis, which is the process that converts energy in sunlight to chemical forms of energy that can be used by biological systems2. Many organisms are not able to use the energy obtained from sunlight directly; however, plants are able to use this energy and convert it into chemical energy by converting CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O (water) to organic materials3. The energy source for photosynthesis comes from sunlight, which allows for the fuel that drives photosynthesis. This processRead MoreLab Report on Photosynthesis Essay1251 Words   |  6 PagesLab Report: Understanding Photosynthesis Gen Biology Lab Abstract: This lab was called photosynthesis: understanding photosynthesis. It is a highly complex process that needs to be broken down in many steps to understand how it works. This lab covers the big components in photosynthesis including carbon dioxide intake, light consumption, and varying pigmentation. Introduction: Photosynthesis is a huge concept to learn and understand in the field of biology. Plants have their own specialRead MorePhotosynthesis Lab Report866 Words   |  4 Pages Photosynthesis Lab 8 Section 022 Kaileen Savage Tanushree Majumber Introduction â€Å"Photosynthesis is a biochemical process for building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide taken from the air†, (Morris, J. (2016) Biology How Life Works. New York, NY.). It is a system that uses plants and specific algae to synthesize molecules from both water and carbon dioxide. The oxygen we breathe and the food we eat is fueled by photosynthesis because it is anRead MorePhotosintersis Experiment1317 Words   |  6 PagesMeasuring the Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy captured during photosynthesis for their metabolic reactions. During photosynthesis in plants, chlorophyll and enzymes in leaves convert certain wavelengths of light into chemical energy. A simple equation can be used to represent photosynthesis. Enzymes and Chlorophyll light energy CO2 H2O carbohydrate O2 In this investigationRead MoreLeaflab Report Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesMarlena Ferone LeafLab Biology 101 - Professor Landry University of Phoenix Due Date: August 30, 2011 EXPLORATION What is the relationship between the increase in light intensity and the photosynthetic rate in leaves from a corn plant? How does this relationship compare with what you observed for tomato plants? As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperaturesRead MoreLeaf Lab931 Words   |  4 PagesMarlena Ferone LeafLab Biology 101 - Professor Landry University of Phoenix Due Date: August 30, 2011 EXPLORATION What is the relationship between the increase in light intensity and the photosynthetic rate in leaves from a corn plant? How does this relationship compare with what you observed for tomato plants? As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperaturesRead MoreWorld War Ii Through the 1970s627 Words   |  3 PagesENERGY IN A CELL Lab Name: Tigist Badeg Data Table. Step | Tile | 1. | Energy | 2. | H2O, CO2, Chlorophyll | 3. | Electron Transfer | 4. | ATP + NADPH | 5. | Calvin cycle | 6. | Glucose and O2 | 7. | Glycolysis | 8. | Pyruvic acid | 9. | Krebs cycle | 10. | ATP, H2O and CO2 | 1.What is the importance of the light and dark reactions in photosynthesis? In light reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane and energizes the electronsRead MoreIB Bio lab report on photosynthesis1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of different coloured lights on the rate of Photosynthesis Objective: To find out which colour of light provides the best consequences for the production of oxygen/ the rate of photosynthesis Background: In photosynthesis, there are two main parts, including light dependent and light-independent reactions. Plants use the energy from light for producing sugar, which is being converted into ATP by cellular respiration. They also are the only organisms that produce oxygen along with glucose

Effects Of Technology On Young Learners Enthusiasm For...

Hollis’s 1995 study focused on the effects of technology on young learner’s enthusiasm for learning science inside and outside of the classroom. This area of focus studied how implementing technology to teach science concepts impacted student’s motivation for learning science in the classroom. The teacher researcher’s study involves both teaching and learning as it focused on properly training teachers how to use and implement technological tools and software. Once teachers knew how to efficiently implement technology into their classrooms, they were able to incorporate such technology as tools to enhance student’s learning. Hollis (1995) notes â€Å"today’s middle school students have grown up in a technological world with television, electronic toys, video games, VCRs, cellular phones and more† and â€Å"they are accustomed to receiving and processing information through multi-sensory sources† (p. 1). Research Questions The researcher states an answerable question in this action research project that ask: †¢ How does the integration of technology into my middle school science curriculum impact my students’ enthusiasm for learning science? The above question is answerable according to the researcher’s expertise, time and resources. Hollis (1995) states â€Å"through this study I hoped to find that multimedia technology would be conduit that my students needed to acquire new knowledge, develop new concepts, and express strong understanding† (p. 2). As an educator of 24 years, the teacherShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Multiple Intelligence Theory2723 Words   |  11 Pageswith the following students: students with disabilities, minority students, and ESL/EFL students. Keywords: multiple intelligences, multiple intelligences in the classrooms, Howard Gardner, Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences, student centered learning, multiple intelligences and students with disabilities, multiple intelligences and esl student Literature Review Introduction The Multiple Intelligence Theory (MIT) was developed by Howard Gardner in 1983. Dr. Gardner suggests that there are atRead MoreLesson Plan10685 Words   |  43 PagesTeaching Learning Episode 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Whats Up? Whats Up? Practice Teaching Learning Episode 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. My First Day Jitters Practice Teaching Learning Episode 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. My Second Home Practice Teaching Learning Episode 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Getting to Know the Classroom Routines Practice Teaching Learning Episode 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The Journey Begins with the First Step Practice Teaching Learning Episode 6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Writing My â€Å"First† Lesson Plan in My Second Home Practice Teaching Learning EpisodeRead MoreMotivators That Do Not Motivate: The Case of Chinese EFL Learners and the Influence of Culture on Motivation8163 Words   |  33 PagesMotivation JUDY F. CHEN The Overseas Chinese Institute of Technology Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China CLYDE A. WARDEN National Chung Hsing University Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China HUO-TSAN CHANG National Changhua University of Education Chunghua, Taiwan, Republic of China It is a capital mistake to theorize in advance of the facts. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Second Stain (1930, p. 657) Language learning motivation plays an important role in both research andRead MoreThe Effect of Student Attitudes and Beliefs on Mathematics Education29432 Words   |  118 Pagesfor Mathematics, Science and Technology Education INSET In-service Education and Training SMASSE Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education WAEC West Africa Examination Council MOEST Ministry of Education Science and Technology NCTM National Council of Teachers of Mathematics PDSI Plan, Do, See, Improve SMASSE-LAG Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education in Lagos State TIMSS Third International Mathematics and Science Study TPB TheoryRead MoreTeacher Action Research Paper on Reading Deficiencies in 2nd Grade Students12146 Words   |  49 Pagesand NSU ID ARP School Site Where Project was Implemented: ___________________ Elementary School Dates of Implementation: AUGUST 2008 – JANUARY 2009 School Site Address and Phone: ARP One-sentence Problem Statement: By incorporating cooperative learning, guided reading and Reader’s Theatre, this research educator improved nineteen second grade at risk students reading comprehension levels by increasing their Oral Reading Fluency levels by 30% after ten weeks of implemented activity. (to be completedRead MoreFactors Affecting Literature Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Uganda19646 Words   |  79 Pages An Assessment of the Factors Affecting the Quality of Literature in English Teaching and Learning in Secondary Schools in Uganda: A case study of Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District A Research Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfilment for the Award of the Bachelors Degree in Education of Uganda Martyrs University-Nkozi July 2012 DECLARATION I, HENRY NSUBUGA, do declare that this is my original work, save for the various works I consulted, whose authors I have fullyRead MoreTexts Fof Written Discourse7878 Words   |  32 PagesEurope. 4. Miss Pope believed that children only learnt self-worth and corporate responsibility through recognition of their gifts, however insignificant they might have seemed in scholastic terms: so while she was appreciative of talent and enthusiasm, it was those who were shy, or obstreperous, or who found reading and writing difficult, with whom she spent the most time. She was patient, kind and egalitarian, but she was also the sort of person that children don’t muck about: she had naturalRead MoreTexts Fof Written Discourse7893 Words   |  32 PagesEurope. 4. Miss Pope believed that children only learnt self-worth and corporate responsibility through recognition of their gifts, however insignificant they might have seemed in scholastic terms: so while she was appreciative of talent and enthusiasm, it was those who were shy, or obstreperous, or who found reading and writing difficult, with whom she spent the most time. She was patient, kind and egalitarian, but she was also the sort of person that children don’t muck about: she had naturalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for ReviewRead MoreError Correction in Second Language Writing33512 Words   |  135 PagesError Correction in Second Language Writing: Teachers’ Beliefs, Practices, and Students’ Preferences Victor Albert Francis S. Corpuz Supervisors: Lynette May Annette Patterson Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Education Master of Education (Research) September 2011 Abstract Error correction is perhaps the most widely used method for responding to student writing. W hile various studies have investigated the effectiveness of providing error correction, there has

Health Essential Infection Risk Management †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Health Essential Infection Risk Management? Answer: Introduction Clinical audit is an essential tool in infection risk management. Clinical audit is the assessment of the healthcare facility to determine whether the services being provided comply with the set standards. The aim of clinical audit is to check on the compliance to safety standards by the healthcare providers. In this case, the audit identifies areas prone to infections and providing an audit report, which details on the measures that can be taken to manage the risks. In addition, clinical audit identifies mistake and errors in the nature of healthcare delivery like the non- compliance to hand washing guidelines, therefore, ensuring that proper steps are taken to enhance patient outcome. Therefore, the focus of financial audit is to evaluate on the performance of clinicians in order to provide an assurance report that the services given by the health facility are in line with the guiding standards. Importance of Clinical Audit One of the benefits of clinical audit is that, it promotes professional growth. For instance, it gives clinicians the opportunity to engage in peer reviews from where they gain confidence in their clinical activities thus enabling positive patient outcome. Additionally, in the case where the audit presents a patient case study, professional come together, thus enhancing professional growth (Siebenaler, Czech Roach, 2017). Through the clinical audit, clinicians are able to benefit from peer-pear reviews, which enhance self-confidence. In this case, through the peer reviews, clinicians are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses, which is imperative in healthcare delivery. Clinicians should be aware of the performance and their practice so that appropriate adjustments can be made to enhance professional growth and improve the healthcare services. Thus, clinical audit enables clinicians to be aware of what is expected of them and the adjustments needed in their profession to en sure patient safety. Improved Patient Safety A clinical audit is a systematic examination of the performance of team, individual, or organizations clinical work. The process entails the measurement of clinical outcome to provide quality services; the outcome of the audit is interpreted through peer review and consultation. Further, the audit focuses on the performance of clinicians in terms of quality of services where the audit examines and gather evidence on the clinical actions, which is then, interpreted using patient outcome parameters, clinical performances, and the regulating standards in order to determine the areas that need improvement in order to enhance patient safely (Weiss, Simon, Graf Linsler, 2017). Improvement of the management Clinical audit is key to an improved management (Sinha, Murthy, Nath, Morris Millar, 2016). A good clinical audit gives the management the opportunity to report accurately on their outcome with the potential of comparing and analyzing patient outcome, perform peer review, and to reduce patient healthcare cost. Further, clinical audit gives the management an opportunity to assess the organization processes in relation to the clinical practice, this is important as it helps in the identification of problematic areas or weakness in management so that appropriate changes can be made to ensure patient safety. Therefore, through clinical audit, the management acquires knowledge on the areas within the operations that need improvement (Wilson, Bak Loveday, 2017). High Risk Areas that should be audited Sharing clinical equipments can lead to the spread of infections as it acts as a media between which infections can be transferred from one patient to the other (Solomkin, 2015). Some of the shared equipments that can spread infections include x- ray machines, haemodialyis machines, and dental instruments. Therefore, it is important for the auditors to examine whether proper mechanisms are used to prevent the contamination of equipment and surfaces as per the regulating standard. Further, the auditors will assess on whether surface barriers like sheets, tubings, and other instruments are cleaned between patients to prevent the spread of infections (Wick, Siebenaler, Czech Roach, 2017). Clinical Waste Clinical waste if not properly management can be a source of infections. Clinical waste management is essential in the prevention of infections (Zimmerman, Gilbert, Brown Shaban, 2016). Clinical waste is anything that can endanger the life of both the clinician and the patient; this includes wound dressings, used needles, and many other substances like gloves or aprons which might contain human blood or body substances. In this case, clinical waste should be properly disposed or managed. Clinical waste can be managed starting from the source of production where the clinical wastes is collected using special tools and taken to a special room where segregation is done. From this point, the waste that is of value recycled while the harmful one can be gotten rid by burring deep into the earths surface to avoid injury to both human beings and the environment. In this case, the auditor should ensure that the clinical waste management procedures are followed as per the organizational polic ies. Clinical waste audit is imperative as it ensure proper disposal or recovery of clinical waste. Therefore, clinical audit plays a vital role in ensuring that clinical waste is properly treated or incinerated to avoid injury to human beings and the environment and the failure to conduct will add up to the failure of the duty of care the organization owes third parties. Hand Washing Hand washing is one of the most effective ways of reducing the spread of infections. Hand washing can be done using water and soap or alcohol based disinfectant. According to Zingg, Holmes, Dettenkofer, Pittet (2015), when properly done, hand washing can get rid of about 99% of disease causing infections. It is for this reason that clinicians should adopt proper hand hygiene in order to avoid transmitting infections to the patients (Solomkin, 2015). It is the duty of clinicians to adopt good hand washing practices in order to safeguard safety of the patients. During the clinical practice, clinicians should develop a practical voice in the support of hand washing in order to manage the spread of infections. Montgomery Cummings (2017) explains that, knowledge and power assist in the implementation of strategies that aim at preventing infections and improving patient outcome. Therefore, clinicians should use education, written materials, and performance feedback in order to yield a po sitive feedback in hand washing practices within the organization (Duff, O'Sullivan, Ainle Buckley, 2017). Further, nurses should be encouraged to advance their levels of education, which will enable them assume leadership position that will enable them to foster a culture of hand washing. In relation to this, the auditor has the responsibility of ensuring proper hand washing practices are done to avoid the spread of infections. In this case, the auditor should examine on whether the healthcare providers wash their hands before and after handling patients (Iqbal, Ponniah, Long, Rath Kent, 2017). Critical Analysis Policy In regards to PPE, the audit will review the compliance to PPE standards; this includes examination of whether the organization has implemented policies and procedures, which relate to Personal Protective Equipment. For instance, the audit will verify on whether face masks, gloves, and aprons are available for use in all the departments especially the high risk areas. Gloves Gloves are essential in the prevention of infections especially when the clinician comes into contact with the patients blood. Gloves can either be sterile, non- sterile, or rubber latex. Sterile gloves are used during surgical procedures. Non-sterile gloves are used when it is highly possible that the clinician will be in contact with body fluids like blood while rubber latex is used when the healthcare provider or clinician is allergic. In this case, the audit will assess whether the gloves are conventional to the European Community Standards and are available and fit to be used by the healthcare providers. Additionally, the audit will also examine whether a different glove is worn for each patient and whether hands are disinfected on removal to avoid the spread of infection from patient to patient and from patient to clinician (Greene Kaye, 2014). Aprons Gowns and aprons are used to prevent contact with body fluids and tissues. Aprons are essential in the prevention of infection from patients to the clinician. In this case, the audit will determine whether plastic aprons are disposed off when detected to contain body fluids like blood or when it becomes wet, this is very important as aprons can act as a media for the spread of infections, which might affect the safety of patient and clinicians alike. Covers and bibs Covers and bibs are used in the prevention of infections through direct contact. They are used to break the chain of infection. The audit will determine whether covers and bibs are used properly as a single- use to prevent further spread of infections. Eye and Face protection Eye protection equipments should be used when there is a high risk of infection likes theatre rooms where splashing of body blood and other body substances is highly probable. Eye protection equipment are essential in the prevention of infection from reaching he clinician. Therefore, the audit should determine whether a complete set of eye equipments are available for use in all operating and theatre rooms. Respiratory protective gear Respiratory protective gears are used to prevent clinician from inhaling infected air in the case where there is a risk of airborne infections. These equipments are used when handling patients with or diagnosed with diseases (Lawes, Lozano Gould, 2017). Conclusion Audit refers to the examination and assessment of process to determine whether they comply with the organizations set standards. In the health sector, audit is conducted in order to determine the quality of healthcare services. Clinical audit is a continuous process that focuses on specific aspects of healthcare. The audit are meant to assess on whether the healthcare services being provided comply to the organization goals, which is patient safety. One of the areas of focus is in infection risk management, where the auditor examines patient outcome and the clinical process against the set standard. In risk management, the audit should determine whether safety precautions like hand washing, clinical waste management, and sterilization of shared equipments are put in place in order to ensure patient safety. Therefore, with clinical audit, risky areas prone to infection within the organization can be identified and appropriate action taken to ensure patient safety. References Lawes, T., Lopez-Lozano Gould, I. M. (2017). Effect of a national 4C antibiotic stewardship intervention on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections in a region of Scotland: a non-linear time-series analysis.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,17(2), 194-206. Gould, D. J., Creedon, S., Jeanes, Moralejo, D. (2017). Impact of observing hand hygiene in practice and research: a methodological reconsideration.Journal of Hospital Infection,95(2), 169-174. Greene Kaye, K. S. (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(S2), S66-S88. Gruendler, J. (2017). Clinical Staff Ownership is Associated with Decreased Incidents of Hospital Acquired Infections.American Journal of Infection Control,45(6), S95-S96. Iqbal, H. J., Ponniah, N., Long, S., Rath, N., Kent, M. (2017). Review of MRSA screening and antibiotics prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma patients; The risk of surgical site infection with inadequate antibiotic psychology in patients colonized with MRSA.Injury. 2(4)67-78 Duff, C., O'Sullivan, C., Ni Ainle, F., Buckley, R. (2017, June). A clinical audit of Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment and Prophylaxis in the acute hospital setting, in the context of a national improvement collaborative. InIRISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE(Vol. 186, pp. S271-S271). 236. Montgomery, Cummings, M. J. (2017). Measuring Infection Prevention Capacity in Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCF).American Journal of Infection Control,45(6), S19-S20. RABIAIS, I. C. M., VIVEIROS, A. M., FREITAS, C. M. R. (2016). Prevention and Control of Infection: An Advanced Nursing Practice.International Journal of Nursing,3(1), 81-88. Ross, P., Hubert, J., Wong, W. L. (2017). Reducing the blame culture through clinical audit in nuclear medicine: a mixed methods study. JRSM management,8(2), 2054270416681433. Sinha, A. K., Murthy, V., Nath, P., Morris, J. K., Millar, M. (2016). Prevention of late onset sepsis and central-line associated blood stream infection in preterm infants.The Pediatric infectious disease journal,35(4), 401-406. Solomkin, J. (2015). Clean care is safer care: Surgical site infection.Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection,48(2), S1. Siebenaler, R., Czech, C., Craig, J., Roach, J. (2017). Central Line-associated Blood Stream Infection Reduction in an Intensive Care Unit Utilizing a Maintenance Bundle Audit Tool.American Journal of Infection Control,45(6), S95. Weiss, K., Simon, A., Graf, Linsler, S. (2017). Clinical practice audit concerning antimicrobial prophylaxis in paediatric neurosurgery: results from a German paediatric oncology unit.Child's Nervous System,33(1), 159-169. Wilson, J., Bak, A., Loveday, H. P. (2017). Applying human factors and economics to the misuse of nonsterile clinical gloves in acute care.American Journal of Infection Control. 45(4) 56- 67 Wick, K., Siebenaler, R., Czech, C., Craig, J., Roach, J. (2017). Central Line-associated Blood Stream Infection Reduction in an Intensive Care Unit Utilizing a Maintenance Bundle Audit Tool.American Journal of Infection Control,45(6), S95. Zimmerman, P. A., Gilbert, J., Brown, L., Shaban, R. Z. (2016). Infection prevention and control learning and practice in pre-registration undergraduate nursing: The sociological influences of the clinical environment.Infection, Disease Health,21(3), 131-132. Zingg, W., Holmes, A., Dettenkofer, Pittet, D. (2015). Hospital organisation, management, and structure for prevention of health-care-associated infection: a systematic review and expert consensus.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,15(2), 212-224.

Evolution of Public Health free essay sample

Evolution of Public Health: Sir Alexander Fleming University of Phoenix CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class. I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas, and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section. I have obtained written permission from the copyright holder for any trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet or other sources. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have, the same validity as my handwritten signature. Evolution of Public Health: Sir Alexander Fleming The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming is believed to be one of the greatest gifts every made to humankind. This discovery introduced the era of antibiotics to the world (Calvo, 2000). Staphylococcus aureus causes various pus-forming infections such as boils, styes, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and more seriously osteomyelitis and endocarditis (Todar, PhD,  2008). The recurring theme of Sir Fleming’s career was to find a chemical substance that would kill infections bacteria without killing surrounding tissue (â€Å"Sir Alexander Fleming,†Ã‚  2004). Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist in the 20th Century. He was taught by his father, Hugh Fleming, how to develop observation skills and reasoning abilities. At 13, he was forced to leave Scotland to find work in London, England, where he lived with his brothers. While living in London, he attended Polytechnic School and after being left an inheritance by an uncle, he was able to attend medical school at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School (â€Å"Sir Alexander Fleming,†Ã‚  2004). He eventually received his licentiate from the Royal College of Physicians and chose bacteriology as his specialty, where he worked with the Inoculation Department, later renamed Wright-Fleming Institute. There he worked with Sir Almoth Wright, the father of vaccinotherapy. Work at this time mostly centered on finding a treatment for syphilis. In 1908, Fleming passed his medical examinations and served in World War I on the Royal Army Medical Corps, where according to the World Encyclopedia of Biography (2004), he â€Å"specialized in the treatment of wounds by antiseptics. † This is where he first noticed that phagocytosis showed to be more prevalent in war wounds than those in ordinary wounds. He then advised physicians to remove all necrotic tissue. He also observed that antiseptics did not prevent gangrene, but encouraged growth (â€Å"Sir Alexander Fleming,†Ã‚  2004). In 1928, Fleming accidentally observed on a culture of staphylococci that should have previously been discarded, that the mold Penicillium notatum had accidentally been introduced by accidental contamination and had destroyed the staphylococci colonies. Lacking a chemist or biochemist on staff to extract and concentrate the substance, Fleming challenged others to try. It was not until 1939 that Howard Florey and Ernst Chain took the challenge. Using newly available technology, there were able to extract the drug in its purest form and discovered it to be â€Å"a million times more powerful† than Fleming’s early discovery (â€Å"Sir Alexander Fleming,†Ã‚  2004). It was not until 1942 that the first human trials were begun due to small supplies of penicillin. At first it was used only on military personnel due to its effectiveness in the battle field. Manufacturing of the medication began in England and the United States of America in 1943. When supplies were available in 1944, penicillin was made available to the world as a treatment for various staphylococcus infections. In 1944 Alexander Fleming was knighted by Queen Elizabeth for his work (Calvo, 2000). Sir Alexander Fleming was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with Ernst Chain and Sir Howard Florey, according to  The Nobel Foundation  (2010), for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. † After receiving the Nobel Prize, Fleming toured the United States, where to the science and medical communities; he was thought to be a hero. Many American chemical companies donated $100,000 to Fleming for his work, he efused to use such contributions for personal use and instead, he gave all contributions to his institute to help further research in bacteriology. In 1946 Fleming was named director of the Institute, which he held until 1955. Sir Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin, in 1928, forever changed the way that the medical community treated infectious diseases. Without his contribution, along with Chain and Florey, millions of people would have died. This discovery also opened the doors for numerous other discoveries of medications to treat different types of infections. Sir Fleming dedicated his life to finding effective treatments for infections without further harming the patient. His dedication brought science and medicine together in perfect harmony for the benefit of the world. References Calvo, S. C. (2000). Sir Alexander Fleming. Science and Its Times, 6(), 373-374. Retrieved  from  http://ehis. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail? vid=6hid=116sid =8a7203ae-75c5-469b-92e4-0dba849a2cb1%40sessionmgr104bdata= JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=ffec8e49AN= Sir Alexander Fleming. (2004). Encyclopedia of World Biography, 5(2nd edition), 483-485. Retrieved  from  http://go. alegroup. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. com/ps/retrieve. do? sgHit sgHitCountType=Nonesort=RELEVANCEinPS=true prodId=GVRLuserGroup Name=uphoenixtabID T003searchId=R1resultListType=RESULT_LISTcontent Segment=searchType=BasicSearchForm ¤tPosition=2contentSet= GALE%7CCX 3404702188docId=GALE|CX3404702188docType=GALErole= The Nobel Foundation. (2010). Nobelprize. org. Retrieved From htt p://nobelprize. org nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1945/ Todar, PhD, K. (2008). Todars Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Retrieved fromhttp://www. textbookofbacteriology. net/staph_2. html